Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality Essay

Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality of care inmates receive - Essay Example In the paper, the problem within this research article is restated in line with a wider understanding of the topic. Additional data is gathered and analyzed within the paper as pertaining to the research problem within the aforementioned article. The additional data is used to present additional insights to the problem and make conclusive recommendations for solving the identified problems. In their article, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that there is an urgent need for new and innovative thinking within the criminal justice system. This is attributed to the evident mistakes within the criminal justice system, which have caused negative implications in the efficiency and effectiveness of pursuing justice. On the basis of these mistakes, Berman & Fox (2009) conducted a study by examining past trials and efforts for reform within the criminal justice system. The researchers targeted at solving the identified problem within the initiatives of the Bureau of Justice Assistance in the US’s Department of Justice. The main goal of the researchers was to initiate and motivate honest and open dialogue on the challenges which face the criminal justice system, and the most effective solutions to these challenges. The researchers targeted future innovations within the criminal justice system by demonstrating how they would avoid the mistakes that are made in the processes of pursuing justice. In solving the research problem, the researchers use the lessons they learned from the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) as a significant crime prevention program within the USA. The mistakes in the procedures and processes of the criminal justice system are the main problems in the study, which are viewed through the D.A.R.E program lens. In their research report, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that the D.A.R.E program was reported to have contributed to a small increase in the rate of drug use among teens within

Analyzing the causes of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing the causes of change - Essay Example This led to a position for Nokia which was not so mobile like before. The changes in the political environment included relaxation in the regulatory norms in telecommunication industry which attracted increasing number of foreign players in the telecommunications and mobile handset industry. The increase in the number of competitor and the launch of newly designed handsets in the market posed major challenges for Nokia (Burnes, 2009, p.52). The inclination of the customers towards the camera handsets launched by the competitors of Nokia led to the decline in market share of Nokia. The rise of Nokia to the leadership position in the 1990s created increasing job opportunities and rise in the income level of the people of various economies. The rise of the middle income group was the potential market that was tapped by the competitors of Nokia. The mobile handsets of Nokia were old fashioned that dated 10 years back. The market trends saw the launch of flashy and newly designed handsets with colourful screens and folding patterns (Reiss, 2012, p.39). The changes in the mobile handsets matched with the evolving social trends and demands of the customers. Nokia was unable to keep up with the recent changes in the market for which the market of Nokia declined in the recent years. Even the most loyal Finnish market of Nokia witnessed a decline in share from 93% to 80%. The technological advancements in the telecommunications industry and the increase in market share of LG, Motorola posed major threats to the business of Nokia in the several markets across the world. The mobile phone operators like Vodafone favoured the other mobile handset makers as they desired to provide services on mobile handsets that were updated to the market trends. Nokia did not believe in co-branding while the market trends saw increasing number of joint ventures and co-branding of products in order to meet the demands of customers (SENGUPTA, BHATTACHARYA and SENGUPTA, 2006, p.31). The sharin g of technology in the market helped the other market players to tap the customer segments who were looking for changes in the available features of the mobile handsets. These temporal changes in telecommunication device offerings to the market were due to the strategic policy making of the competitors (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010, p.21). The changes in the political, economic, social and technological environment led to the loss of interest for Nokia among the market segments. Nokia could not identify the changes that took place in the market and failed to undertake strategic policies of change management in a timely manner. All these factors led to the decline in mobility of Nokia in the recent years. Use of multiple cause diagrams: forces of change management The decline in the market share of Blackberry smart-phones could be represented with the help of a multiple cause diagram to determine the factors that led to the changing scenario in the business of Research in Motion (RIM), the makers of Blackberry. The multiple cause diagrams would help the organization to respond to the forces of change and also enables the company in addressing the key variables in order to solve the complex dynamics of prevailing

Bluetooth Connection GFSK

Bluetooth Connection GFSK BACKGROUND OF BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY: Bluetooth was originally formed by the following five entities: IBM INTEL ERICSSON NOKIA TOSHIBA The initial five have grown to well over a thousand companies at this point and the number is increasing. Though Bluetooth is not quite as popular as 802.11, there are number of applications for a wide array of divergent wireless devices. For interesting background where exactly Bluetooth get its name? Contrary to what your dentist might think it is not from eating blueberries. The actual origin of this term is formed from a tenth century Scandinavian king whose name was HARALD BLUETOOTH. The connection is that in his real life he managed to unite several disparate kingdoms under one area. The idea was to make Bluetooth encompass a kingdom of different devices and to create a convergence of many different devices under the umbrella of one global specification. 1.2 WHAT IS BLUETOOTH WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY? Bluetooth wireless is an open specification for a low-cast , low power, short-range radio technology for ad hoc wireless communication of voice and data any where in the world. Lets examine each of these attributes An open specification means that the specification is publicly available and royalty free Short range radio technology means device can communicate over the air using radio waves at a distance of 10 meters. With higher transmission power the range increases to approximately 100 meters. Because communication is with in a short range, the radios are low power and are suited for portable, battery-operated devices. Bluetooth wireless technology supports both voice and data, allowing devices to communicate either type of content 2. BLUETOOTH MODULATION 2.1 Modulation Introduction Bluetooth uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK). More explicitly, Bluetooth 0.5 BT Gaussian filtered frequency shift keying (2FSK) also referred to as binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) at one M symbols/s with a channel spacing of 1MHz. Since only two frequencies are used one bit is one symbol (i.e. one indicates a positive frequency deviation (normally 157.5 KHz) from the carrier, and a zero indicates a negative frequency deviation (normally 157.5 KHz) from the carrier). The figure shows that amplitude versus time as well as constellation diagram plot of 2FSK modulation that is used for Bluetooth. The frequency deviation range is between 140 175 KHz. 2.2 Summary of Bluetooth modulation requirements To receive Bluetooth qualification, a radio must have the following modulation characteristics: GFSK with BT at 0.5 Symbol rate of 1 mega symbols per second (Ms/s), corresponding to a data rate of 1 Mb/s modulation index beta between 0.28 0.35 Binary 1 with a positive fd and 0 with a negative fd Symbol timing better than +20, -20 parts per million (PPM) Zero crossing error not greater than 1/8 of a symbol period The fd corresponding to a 1010 sequence to be at least 80 % of fd corresponding to a 00001111 sequence Minimum fd equal to 115 KHz Most of the previous modulation characteristics are self explanatory except perhaps the last two. If the modulation index is between 0.28 0.35, then equation 3.18 tell us that the corresponding fd must be between 140 175 KHz. This can be considered a â€Å"steady state† fd for a long sequence of binary ones or zeroes. Due to the ISI inherent in GFSK its possible that fd may not reach its maximum value for a binary sequence that alternates between 1 0. The specification requires that fd under these conditions reach at least 115 KHz, which is about 80 % of the minimum steady state fd of 140 KHz. 2.3 Bluetooth Data Rates and Data Packets The theoretical maximum data rate is 1 Mbps, but due to overhead, the maximum realizable asymmetric data rate is reduced to 723.2 Kbps. This is also a bit misleading because the reverse link has a much lower data rate. The table shows is a summary of the possible data rates for the various packet sizes. The information is transmitted in a packet in a time slot. Each time slot corresponds to an RF hop frequency. A packet of information can be transmitted in one time slot, three time slots, or five time slots. Naturally, a five slot packet carries more information than a three slot packet, which carries more than a one slot packet. Data high rate (DH) achieves higher data rates by using less error correction in the packets. Data medium (DM) rate achieves a lower bit error rate probability by using more error correction in the packets. A Bluetooth packet is shown in the figure. 2.4 Bluetooth Modulated Signal A modulated signal can be denoted as: Where fc is the carrier frequency, T is the bit period, h is the modulation index and x(t) is the input of the modulator. The above equation can be viewed as the output of a voltage controlled oscillator with an input of x(t). In FSK modulation, x(t) is a binary signal whereas in GFSK modulation, the binary signal is first passed through a low pass Gaussian filter to produce x(t). This is shown in below figure. GFSK modulation is determined by two parameters: the modulation index (h) and the bandwidth of the Gaussian filter. The Gaussian filter is usually characterized by the bandwidth-time product (BT), which is equal to the 3-db bandwidth of the Gaussian filter (B) times the bit period (T). In Bluetooth the bit rate is 1Mb/s, BT is 0.5 in the modulation index varies from 0.28 to 0.35, the figure above shows the simulated spectrum of a Bluetooth signal. Note that the well known Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is a special case of GFSK in the modulation index 0.5. 2.5 Frequency Hopping The physical connection of Bluetooth uses frequency hopping at 1 MHz hops at the actual carrier is spread spectrum modulated. This is known as frequency hop spectrum and is used to improve immunity from interference mainly from IEEE 802; WiFi WLAN shares the same spectrum as other users of the ISM band for example transitorily operated microwave ovens. There is a fundamentally sound reason for this approach. WLANs occupy significantly more bandwidth than 1 MHz and employ SS techniques, in which a pseudo-random code is used to modulate the information transmitted. At the receiver the same pseudo-random code has to be available to de-modulate it successfully called co-relation. As a result, many WLANs using different pseudo codes can transmit simultaneously without mutual interference. The Bluetooth frequency-hop system appears as an un-correlated noise like signal to a WLAN receiver and what is more its signal energy is spread over the entire band of the WLAN by the de-correlated demodulation process. SO in practice mutual interference amounts only to a raised noise floor for both systems. A raise noise floor simply reduces the available carrier to noise and hence reduces the range possible. This is the main effect of mutual interference. An exception can occur when signals are so strong because of the close proximity of the antenna s, that they overwhelm a receiver. Bluetooth frequency rate is chosen to be 1600 hops per second with a 625 us dwell time per hop. The minimum dual time of 625 us corresponds to a single time slot. Part of this hop timing is taken up by the guard time 220 us allowing the hardware based frequency synthesizer time to settle. The transmission channel is derived from the time slots, spread over 79 or 23 frequencies. The frequency hoping scheme uses time division multiplexing (TDMA), as illustrated in the figure, where the frequency step n=1MHz. 2.6 Piconets A piconet is formed by two or more devices discover each other and begin to communicate. A piconet can have up to eight devices, with one device acting as a master and the rest acting as slsaves. The first device initiates transmission becomes the master, although the specification provides for a master and slave unit to exchange roles. A specific frequency-hopping sequence is used by all devices within each piconet. The figure shows the simplest example of a piconet. In the figure, a cell phone is downloading the address book and telephone number information to the users laptop. In this example the laptop acts as the master. The application software running on the laptop contacts the cell phone when it is within range, and requests that it synchronize its database with the one stored on the laptop. As stated earlier a single piconet can have up to eight devices. The reason for this limit is simple: The address is only three bit long. This means that in binary only the value of 0 7 can be stored in the address field. The master has no address but zero is reserved for broadcast messages; so the only addresses remaining for use by slaves are 1 7. However, a device can participate in two different piconets called a scatternet. The figure shows an example of a larger piconet, in which one master controls multiple slaves in a piconet. You can see that its possible to link various devices in a piconet. You can download digital images from your digital camera to the laptop, use more than one Bluetooth-enabled cell phone to place voice calls and even contact a personal digital assistant PDA to the laptop to exchange information. Another interesting thing to note in this figure is that you can also use a single connection to the internet without having to have a direct cable connection to the modem or broadband connection. 2.7 Scatternets A device can be master of only one piconet. The device can, at the same time, also be a slave in another piconet that is within range. A slave can also participate in two different piconets that are within its range. However, because the master device determines the hoping pattern used for a piconet, a device cannot be a master of more than one piconet. An example of a simple scatternet is shown in figure. In this figure, a laptop computer communicates with devices in both piconets. Note that the laptop is a slave in both piconets. It is possible, however, for the laptop to be a master in one piconet and a slave in another (as shown in the figure). When a device is member of two piconets it keeps track of both frequency-hoping patterns and occasionally listens in on the correct frequency on each of the two piconerts so that it can stay in touch with both piconets. A master device transmits a packet to its slaves occasionally to maintain the link, base band on negotiations between the master and its slave devices. Thus, a device that is a member of two piconets must listen for these transmissions (or make them if its the master in one piconet) within the time frame negotiated for each of the piconets of which it is member. The above explanation can be understand better with the below figure. Bluetooth transmitter consists of CODE MAPING PFD BALUN AMPLIFIERS AMPLIFIER DETECTOR CHARGE PUMP T/R SWITCH PFD/CP CAP ARRAY 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bluetooth The main advantage of Bluetooth is its compact form and portability. This technology can be manufactured cheap and can be integrated to micro-levels easily. Bluetooth signals are very resistant to weather conditions and can often operate where other technologies may fail. Despite its short range the technology can be very effective and cheap where long distance coverage is not required. In modern hardware Bluetooth is being used widely. Almost all platforms are benefiting from its cheap production such as cell phones, gaming consoles, computer peripheral devices etc. Even computers can achieve LAN connectivity using Bluetooth. Another great feature of this technology is its less power consumption. The only disadvantage of this technology is perhaps its short range and limited connections i.e. only up to eight devices can connect be connected simultaneously. 4. Conclusion The main aims of Bluetooth are to provide universal radio interference for ad hoc wireless connectivity at low cost, delivering modest speed (1-3Mbps) short range (1-100M) and low power consumption. Bluetooth is a very powerful tool. This technology has proven to be very cost effective and powerful. Over the years we have seen rapid enhancements in this technology. This technology has replaced the previously famous infrared technology which was dependent on line of sight connections. Through Bluetooth one can achieve an effective data transfer rate and easier connectivity regardless the weather conditions. References 1. Kumar Bala C, Klien Paul, Thomson Tin, Thomson J. Timothy; Bluetooth application programming with Java applications 2. Iniewski Krzysztof; Wireless Technologies: Circuit, Systems, Devices 3. Miller Stewart S.; WiFi Security 4. Patrick David, Morrow Robert; Wireless network Co-Existence 5. Ganguly Madushree; Getting Started With Bluetooth 6. Kelly Jod, Schaub Keith B.; Production Testing of RF and System-on-Chip Devices for Wireless 7. Nicholas Randall K., Lekkas Panos C.; Wireless Security: Models, Threats and Solution 8. Golrnie Nada; Coexistance in Wireless Networks: Challenges and System Solutions 9. Prabhu C. S. R., Reddi Prathap A.; Bluetooth Technology and its Applications with Java and J2ME 10. Zolfaghari Ali Raza; Low-Power CMOS Design for Wireless Transceivers 11. Morrow Robert, Laroka James; Demystified: Operation and Use 12. Muller Scott; Upgrading and Repairing Networks 13. Hill Goff; The Cable and Telecommunication Professional References PSTN, IP

The Child in Flannery O’Connor’s A Temple of the Holy Ghost Essay

The Child in Flannery O’Connor’s A Temple of the Holy Ghost â€Å"None of their ways were lost on the child† (236). This passage introduces the main character only named the â€Å"child† in Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"A Temple of the Holy Ghost† and indeed she is influenced not only by the two girls that this line refers to, but by everything she hears and sees. She is very direct and speaks without thinking, for example when she asks her mother to invite Mr. â€Å"Cheat,† an admirer of Miss Kirby’s, the schoolteacher who is lodging with her family. Her directness can be read as â€Å"ugliness† as she herself calls it. The line â€Å"None of their ways were lost on the child† (236) mentions for the first time the very important characteristic of the child that turns out to be central to the story, that really nothing, especially things that are said, are lost on the child, they are much more repeated and reappear throughout the story in different contexts. The story shows a girl caught between Catholicism and secular things, as she mixes everything in her very own picture of the world. The first thing that has an impact on the â€Å"child† is when the girls tell how Sister Perpetua told them to stop â€Å"ungentlemanly boys† by saying â€Å"Stop sir! I am the Temple of the Holy Ghost!† (238). She sees how the phrase influences Miss Kirby and she herself feels â€Å"as if somebody as given her a present† (238). This phrase reappears as a motif later in the story and already in this original context the religious is confronted with the secular. She constantly thinks about being a â€Å"good person,† she would even like to have been a saint, â€Å"because that included everything you could know† (243) but she thinks that she has too many faults such as being a liar, ... ... smell and she finally realizes she is â€Å"in the presence of God† (247). These effects make her calm down and start to pray and confess her â€Å"sins† although â€Å"mechanically†: â€Å"Hep me not to be so mean†¦Hep me not to give her so much sass. Hep me not to talk like I do.† When the priest finally raises the monstrance â€Å"with the Host shining ivory-colored in the center of it† she is in turn reminded of the freak at the fair and what he said and the religious world and the world of the fair are mixed together in her mind. The last image of the story is the child seeing the setting sun from the car on their way back home from the convent and she imagines it to be a Host that is â€Å"drenched in blood.† One last time the interrelation of church and fair become visible as she imagines this scene right after Alonzo mentions that the fair has been shut down on request of preachers.

Formal and Informal Communication Essay

1.The most prominent quality of a human being is the effective and meaningful way of communication. Humans have a unique and well developed way of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Communication is well established but not only limited among humans but also in animals and in manmade machines such as computers Communication 2.The word communications comes from a Latin word â€Å"Communis † which means to share. One definition of communication is â€Å"any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. † Styles of Communication 3.There can be two broad categories of communication, based on the style of communication. They are categorized as formal and informal communications that have their own set of characteristic features. For simplicity of understanding, it just depends on the situation and the organization or a person involved in that chain of communication. If some high ranking officials or personalities are involved or some prestigious organizations are addressed, the content and the matter of the communication will be formal in its language and formatting. For example our correspondence or letters to the Air Headquarters will differ in wording and format from a note that we scribble on a draft piece of paper an email that we write to our everyday friends. 4.There are numerous situations in our daily life that involve lot of correspondence and communication. However, where no high ranking agencies or personalities are involved in that chain, the communication styles and format used can be quite informa. 5.There are specific requirements and some general rules as to how and when there is a need of a formal or an informal way of communication. There are both benefits and ill effects of the two kinds of communications. For further elaboration both the situations are debated. Formal Communication 6.Formal communication includes all situations where communication has to occur in a set formal format. This can include all sorts of business communication, corporate communication or government official communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for communication. When two people meet for the first time, the way they communicate with each other can also be utterly formal. Hence formal communication is straightforward, official and always precise and has a stringent and rigid tone to it. Communication takes place through the formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Such communications are generally in writing and may take any of the forms, policy, manuals, procedures and rule books, memoranda, official meetings, reports, etc. 7.Advantages of Formal CommunicationThere are definitely some advantages of formal communication: (a)They help in the fixation of responsibility and  (b)Maintaining of the authority relationship in an organization 8.Disadvantages of Formal Communication (a)It is generally time consuming, cumbersome and (b)Sometimes it leads to a good deal of distortion at times Informal Communication 9.For simplicity of understanding communication arising out of all those channels of communication that fall outside the formal channels is known as informal communication. Informal communication includes instances of free unrestrained communication between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Generally it is built around the everyday social relationship of members of an organization. Informal communication requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends and family. At times, in informal communication, it is difficult to fix responsibility about accuracy of information. Such communication is usually oral and may be covered even by simple glance, gesture or smile or silence. It often works in group of people, i.e. when one person has some information of interest; he passes it on to his informal group and so on. 10.Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. Informal conversations need not necessarily have boundaries of time, place or even subjects for that matter since we all know that friendly chats with our loved ones can simply go on and on. 11.Advantages of Informal CommunicationSome of the advantages of Informal communication are: (a)It acts as a valuable purpose in expressing certain information that cannot be channeled via the official channels (b)Informal communication also facilitates to ameliorate managerial decisions as more people are involved in the process of decision-making 12.Disadvantages of Informal CommunicationInspite of many advantages, informal communication has certain disadvantages: (a)Informal communication contains facts, deceptions, rumors and unclear data. (b)The informal channels of communication may transmit completely imprecise information that may harm rather than help an organization.

Cloud Atlas

Cloud Atlas Concept of â€Å"predacity† as related to class topics: The concept of â€Å"predacity†, in my opinion, is related to so many of the topics discussed in class. The most formidable connection would be that of human on human. In regards to race, class and gender, â€Å"predcaity† fits the system in which the American culture has been designed around. Rich white men have been the predators of poor minorities and women since the creation of the United States. Minorities and women have been discriminated against since the pilgrims set sail and the revolutionaries first wrote the declaration of independence.What followed was a constitution that, in theory, gave only white men the freedom of life, liberty and property. Women and blacks couldn’t own property nor did they have the same liberty white men had. To this day women and minorities are still discriminated against in a predator like way. Predacity could even be taken to the extent of harming wom en and races that weren’t white. The Native American Indians were murdered for their land, Africans were enslaved, killed and tortured at the crack of their masters whip. The vicious truth of human nature is one of animal like â€Å"Predator vs Prey† approach.The one actor said a couple times throughout the movie that â€Å"those who are weak are meat, those who are strong will eat. † Rich white men have preyed on the economical and social gain of others for millennium. What we’ve discussed in class shows predacity like examples in current systems we have in the United States today. The way corporations prey on those who will work or are forced to work for cheap or no labor in over sea workshops and brothel like set-ups gives more verification to human predacity in modern times. Recurrence as a theme and preventing predacity from recurring:The theme of recurring in the movie happened with every different time and environment. People preying on people, com panies preying on companies and groups preying on groups were all part of the theme of the movie. Examples like the oil company hoping the nuclear building failed and killed as many lives as possible was a form of predacity. The cannibal hunters that continued to attack Tom Hanks village was a form of predacity and the Asian women being used as a tool for economic gain was a form of human on human predacity.What was clear was the failure of some individuals to change the path of recurring predacity. The way in which predacity was prevented from recurring was an individual’s love for another. It was the love for another person that forced change within the individual that created a change from the recurring theme. We saw examples of this when the man who helped the African on the sail boat and decided not to deal with slave owners and move east to help the abolitionists, Tom Hanks when he didn’t kill or stop Halle Berry when she told him that what he believed in was act ually false and incorrect.In order to change the recurring theme the individuals within the environment must change first. This is one of the fundamental ideas we have discussed throughout course discussions. I personally loved this movie. It was arguably one of the best movies I’ve seen in some time and was highly enjoyable. It showed the power of love for people and the way an individual can change the course of predcaity. I gave it an A+.

A Changing World essays

A Changing World essays The sixteenth century was a time of exploration and expansion. Sparked by the Renaissance, the people of Europe began to question and investigate. The peoples curiosity and desire for finer goods from Asia led them to take to the high seas in search of an easier path to the Orient. One of these courageous sailors was Christopher Columbus under the country of Spain. In his efforts to find Asia, Columbus accidentally stumbled across a new world. This new world contained other cultures and people very different from the Europeans. As a result of Columbuss discovery of the New World the very unique and ancient culture of the Native Americans was extinguished. It was a bad thing that the Europeans prevailed over these ancient tribes of the Americas. The Native American cultures made a large impact on Europe. The food products from the New World were very important to the people in Europe. Native New World plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and especially the lowly potato eventually revolutionized the international economy as well as the European diet, (Kennedy 14). These products were given to the early Europeans as gifts from the Indians. With these new goods Europe was able to feed its entire populace during the rapid population growth of the Old World (Kennedy 14). This food also strengthened the European economy allowing many traders to make high profits. Another important gift from the Americas was gold. This flood of precious metal touched off a price revolution that increased consumer costs by 500 percent... (Kennedy 17). This huge income of bullion helped traders to use a standard for currency and stimulated the economy. The encounter with the native cultures of the Americas brought prosperity, we alth, and land to the Europeans. Yet the Old World culture was the only one to profit. The invasion of the Europeans into the New World devastated the native cultures of...

The Different Types of Money in an Economy

The Different Types of Money in an Economy While it is true that all money in an economy serves three functions, not all money is created equal. Commodity Money Commodity money is money that would have value even if it were not being used as money. (This is usually referred to as having intrinsic value.) Many people cite gold as an example of commodity money since they assert that gold has intrinsic value aside from its monetary properties. While this is true to some degree; gold does, in fact, have a number of uses, its worth noting that the most often-cited uses of gold are for making money and jewelry rather than for making non-ornamental items. Commodity-Backed Money Commodity-backed money is a slight variation on commodity money. While commodity money uses the commodity itself as currency directly, commodity-backed money is money that can be exchanged on demand for a specific commodity. The gold standard is a good example of the use of commodity-backed money- under the gold standard, people were not literally carrying around gold as cash and trading gold directly for goods and services, but the system worked such that currency holders could trade in their currency for a specified amount of gold. Fiat Money Fiat money is money that has no intrinsic value but that has value as money because a government decreed that it has value for that purpose. While somewhat counterintuitive, a monetary system using fiat money is certainly feasible and is, in fact, used by most countries today. Fiat money is possible because the three functions of money a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value are fulfilled as long as all people in a society acknowledge that the fiat money is a valid form of currency. Commodity-Backed Money vs. Fiat Money Much political discussion centers around the issue of commodity (or, more precisely, commodity-backed) money versus fiat money, but, in reality, the distinction between the two isnt quite as large as people seem to think, for two reasons. First, one objection to fiat money is the lack of intrinsic value, and opponents of fiat money often claim that a system using fiat money is inherently fragile because fiat money doesnt have a non-money value. While this is a valid concern, one must then wonder how a monetary system backed by gold is significantly different. Given that only a small fraction of the worlds gold supply is used for non-ornamental properties, isnt it the case that gold has value mostly because people believe it has value, much like fiat money? Second, opponents of fiat money claim that the ability for a government to print money without having to back it up with a specific commodity is potentially dangerous. This is also a valid concern to some degree, but one that is not entirely prevented by a commodity-backed money system, since its certainly possible for the government to harvest more of the commodity in order to generate more money or to revalue the currency by changing its trade-in value.

Koala Facts

Koala Facts Koalas are marsupials that are native to the Australian continent. Their scientific name, Phascolarctos cinereus, is derived from several Greek words meaning pouch bear (phaskolos arktos) and having an ashen appearance (cinereus). They are often called koala bears, but that is scientifically incorrect, since they are not bears. Their most distinctive characteristics are their fluffy ears and their spoon shaped noses. Koalas are most often found in the southern and eastern areas of the continent. Fast Facts: Koala Scientific Name: Phascolarctos cinereusCommon Names: Koala bearOrder: DiprotodontiaBasic Animal Group: MammalsDistinguishing Characteristics: Spoon shaped noses and fluffy earsAverage Size: 2 - 3 feet in heightAverage Weight: 20 - 25 poundsLife Span: 12 - 18 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Forests and woodlands in AustraliaPopulation: Approximately 100,000 - 500,000Conservation Status: VulnerableFun Fact: Koala babies, called joeys, are blind at birth. Description Koalas are best known for their round body appearance and their distinctive ears and nose. Like other marsupials, females have a permanent pouch for raising young. Koala pouches are positioned in the lower portion of a koalas body. The pouches open outward so a joey (baby) can climb into it from the birth canal. When a joey is present, its mother uses her sphincter muscles to make sure that the pouch is closed so that her baby wont fall out. Koalas are uniquely suited for living their life in trees. Their paws help them to expertly grip and climb trees. The pads on their paws are very rough and help with their gripping ability. Each paw has five digits. The front paws have two digits that are opposed to the remaining three digits. This helps with their grip strength while climbing. Their fur, which is typically light gray or brown, is very thick and helps to protect them from both low and high temperature conditions. konmesa / Getty Images Koalas are usually between 2 to 3 feet in height and can weigh up to approximately 25 pounds. Other physical characteristics of koalas are their lack of a tail and their long limbs for their body size. Their tail is considered a vestigial structure and is thought to have been lost due to evolutionary adaptation. They also have one of the smallest brain-to-body-weight ratio of any mammal and are not considered to be very intelligent creatures. Habitat and Distribution Koalas live in Australia in a variety of habitats from forests to woodlands. Their preferred habitats are forests composed of eucalyptus trees, where they are able to survive very high up in the trees. They are found in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and South Australia. Diet and Behavior This is an image of a koala eating eucalyptus in Queensland, Australia.   georgeclerk/E/Getty Images The koalas diet consists mainly of eucalyptus leaves. They can eat a pound to two pounds of leaves a day and have developed specialized structures to aid in the digestion of so much foliage. Their intestines (caecum) can be 7 to 8 feet in length. Although eucalyptus can be poisonous to most animals, symbiotic bacteria are present in their intestinal pouch which break down the toxic substances like tannins found in eucalyptus leaves. Generally speaking, koalas are solitary animals. Each koala has a home range of a number of eucalyptus trees in a given area. The size of this range can vary depending on the koalas status, sex, and habitat quality. A dominant male for example, may have a comparatively larger area. Ranges for different koalas overlap, which allows koalas to have social interaction with others in their vicinity. Koalas are mostly nocturnal. They are not very active animals and spend a large portion of their time sitting or sleeping to conserve energy. Eucalyptus leaves are difficult to digest and require a considerable amount of energy expenditure. Koalas can sleep for up to 17 to 20 hours a day. Reproduction and Offspring A koala joey remains in its mothers pouch for the first months of its life.   Bruce Lichtenberger/Photolibrary/Getty Images Plus Koalas typically breed from August to February. Male koalas attract the females through their loud vocal bellows. Females usually have one baby koala per year, producing some six or so offspring over the course of their lifetime, since females dont always breed each year. After becoming impregnated, a koala will give birth after a gestation period of a little longer than a month (about 35 days). The baby is called a joey and is usually very small. The baby may weigh under .0025 pounds and be under an inch long, about the size of an almond. The joey is blind at birth and doesnt have any hair. It travels from the birth canal to its mothers pouch, where it will remain for approximately the first six to seven months of its life. Even after developing to the point that it is no longer in its mothers pouch, the joey will often remain with its mother until its next brother or sister appears outside the mothers pouch the following year. Threats Koalas are mainly threatened by habitat loss. Human encroachment on their habitat from land clearing has a large impact on their survival. They can also be impacted by bush-fires and disease. Koalas are susceptible to the bacteria that cause chlamydia. This disease can lead to the development of conjunctivitis, an eye infection that may result in blindness. Chlamydia may also result in pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract and reproductive systems. Incidences of complications from chlamydia increase in koala populations that experience high environmental stress. Conservation Status Koalas are designated as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). According to the IUCN, approximately 100,000 to 500,000 animals are left in the wild. While koalas themselves have some protection under the law, their population continues to decrease mainly due to loss of habitat. The Koala Protection Act is proposed legislation in Australia to help protect the koalas habitat. The Australian Koala Foundation believes that there are less than 100,000 left in the wild, and even as few as 43,000. Species There is one species of koala, but scientists disagree whether or not there are sub-species. The most common three sub-species of koalas are considered to be: Phascolarctos cinereus adustus (Northern/Queensland), Phascolarctos cinereus cinereus (New South Wales) and Phascolarctos cinereus victor (Victorian). These sub-species are classified based on slightly different physical characteristics like physical size and fur properties. Based on these characteristics, some scientists believe that there are three sub-species, others two, and others none. Koalas and Humans This girl is feeding a koala.   Peter Phipp/Photographers Choice/Getty Images Plus Humans and koalas have a long and varied history. Beginning in the early 1900s over a million were killed for their fur. The population of koalas was in danger of being wiped out before the practice stopped. Koalas can be very aggressive when disturbed or surprised by humans in their natural habitats. They defend themselves with their sharp teeth and pointed claws which are similar to talons. These structures are capable of shredding skin and can inflict considerable damage. Sources Koala. National Geographic, 21 Sept. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/k/koala/.  Koala. San Diego Zoo Global Animals and Plants, animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/koala.Physical Characteristics of the Koala. Australian Koala Foundation, www.savethekoala.com/about-koalas/physical-characteristics-koala.  The Life of a Koala . Australian Koala Foundation, www.savethekoala.com/about-koalas/life-koala.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example They also serve as the management team with specific roles and responsibilities. Adam Balon, 26, handles the sales functions of the company. He graduated with a degree in Economics and earned a place in Harvard MBA. He has worked as a marketing manager for Virgin Cola UK. His competencies include developing brand strategies, budget management and extensive experience in dealing with impulse and grocery multiples to drive listings. He has previous positions as brand manager, logistics and production planning in Virgin Cola. He has worked as a business analyst in the financial services and grocery retailing. John Wright, 25, manages the operations of the company. He graduated with a Masters in Manufacturing Engineering. He worked as a consultant at Bain & Company. His competencies include developing start up plans setting up new ventures, business cases with negotiating strategies to invest/dispose business units and heavy involvement in IT and recruitment operations. He has worked across different industries in manufacturing, financial services and media. Richard Reed runs the marketing functions of the company. He graduated with a degree in Geography. He has 4 years experience in the advertising industry. He served as an account director on BMP DDB Needham Marketing agency that handles the Volkswagen business account. His competencies include devising and implementing new marketing strategies to double the market share. He has intensive knowledge in macro-planning and retail communications that would exploit new services and new revenue streams to the agency. He has previously served as business director for BMP’s interactive marketing consultancy as well as director for new business. The core competency of Fresh Trading Ltd is centred on marketing and business strategy as derived from the experiences of the management team. Core competency is defined as the collective learning in the

As a leader in the 21st Century, I want to know what technology Research Paper

As a leader in the 21st Century, I want to know what technology decisions to make - Research Paper Example Because of the massive reach of social media, firms regard it as an effective tool for driving relevant messages. From an internal communications point of view, social media allows employees to efficiently manage the exchanging of both professional and personal messages. Through social media, corporate culture has been further enhanced. From an external communications perspective, social media is used by firms to directly interact with their target customers in a less costly manner through the personalization of advertising messages. Therefore, in comparison to traditional forms of media, such as television and radio, marketing professionals prefer social media due to its wide audience reach and flexible nature. In this paper, we examine the relevance of leadership techniques in driving the effectiveness of social media, both internally and externally. As such, the discussion is divided into three parts: (1) look closely into social media as a business tool; (2) delve into the forms of leadership techniques, and (3) analyze the connection between proper leadership techniques and results-driven utilization of social media. In the end, this paper aims to justify its thesis that the effective use of social media in business depends on the leadership styles of leaders in a company. Research: Social Media and its Emerging Relevance in Business Overview of Social Media Social Media is defined by Wright State University (n.d.) as â€Å"an interactive, specifically online, community that builds and enhances relationships between individuals and groups based on interest, occupation, and demographic measures while delivering viable information to such individuals and groups.† Human communication, in this sense, is made more efficient through social media. The increasing use of social media by businesses has been underscored in numerous studies. D’Angelo (2010), in his academic paper entitled â€Å"Social Media Community Management: Implications for Busines s Communication Curriculum,† highlighted that 91% of the top 500 companies the U.S. used at least one social media tool in 2009, an uplift from 77% in 2008. There was also an increase in social media use by small businesses from 12% to 24% between December 2008 and December 2009 (D’Angelo, 2010). Moreover, Harvard Business Review Analytic Services (n.d.), in its newly released survey with top U.S. corporations, claimed that more than three-quarters (79%) of the 2,100 organizations surveyed said that they are currently using social media channels (58%) to launch social media initiatives (21%). As Stelzner (2009) discovered in another study, business owners are more likely to use social media marketing (90%) than employees working for a business (81%). In terms of their actual use of social media, sole proprietors and owners of businesses of 2 to 100 employees mentioned that they have been doing social media marketing for years while 72% of marketers have either just star ted or have been using social media for only a few months (Stelzner, 2009). These data indicate that the rise in the use of social me

English research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English research paper - Essay Example The California Supreme Court is scheduled to decide early next year whether or not to invalidate the state’s ban of gay marriage which voters approved via Proposition 22 in 2000. This paper will more closely examine the benefits denied gay couples in most states as well as the political, legal, moral and societal implications involved with the issue. As people are becoming better informed about the issue, more are accepting, if not the lifestyle, the right for gays to be married. The argument proposed by the opponents of gay marriage is that the U.S. Constitution guarantees a republican form of government in which elected officials are intended to set social policy for the nation. Legislators do this by representing their constituent’s moral views when drafting laws. Because the Constitution bars the intertwining of state and religion, the only method of ensuring that moral and ethical codes are enforced throughout society is through acts of legislation. When courts determine morality issues, they counteract legislation meant to protect the moral fabric of society and break down the constitutionally guaranteed separation of powers within the government. â€Å"When judges erode the power of the people’s representatives to set society’s moral compass, they likewise undercut the authority of parents, schools, and other community groups to set the standards they would like to see their children and fellow citizens live by. Indeed, it is a f rontal assault on community values writ large† (Raul, 2003). The government was originally formed as an entity meant to champion the rights of the individual whether they are on the majority or minority side of public opinion. Laws that were enacted in the South disallowed the marriage between black and white people but were struck down by the Supreme Court. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act followed the tenets of the Constitution by prohibiting this type of discrimination.

Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diseases - Essay Example The CDC estimates that there are approximately 300 strains of Lyme disease (Matthews, 2012). Characteristics of the disease: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is caused by the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium also possesses several serotypes. Lyme borreliosis is transmitted through nymph and tick bites belonging to the genus lxodes. Humans are mainly infected by nymph bites. Lymph disease is mostly prevalent during the summer period. The onset of the disease is characterized by early lesions on the skin which have a central zone and expand in ring form. Other symptoms include myalgia, fever, rash, chills and migraines (McPhee & Papadakis, 2010). The patient also has a case of unexplained tendonitis, depression, insomnia and the appearance of floaters in the eyes. The disease may also progress to meningeal pathology and can also involve the central nervous system. Joint pains are also characteristic of later stages of the disease. Other symptoms that are less common in Lyme disease include inflammation of the eye, severe fatigue and hepatitis (McPhee & Papadakis, 2010). Treatment of the disease involves administrations of oral and intravenous antibiotics such as doxycycline, amoxicillin and cefuroxime (McPhee & Papadakis, 2010). Problems with diagnosing, preventing, treating or eradicating the disease: Firstly it is difficult to stop Lyme disease due to the fact that the vectors (ticks) are impossible to eradicate entirely. There is also difficulty in the diagnostic process of Lyme disease due to the fact that the â€Å"bull’s eye rash† that is considered a positive indication of the disease does not appear in all the patients. In addition, the disease has adverse impacts on organs of elimination; therefore, any type of rash can be a sign of Lyme disease. Other conditions that have been associated

Interpretation of Statistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interpretation of Statistics - Research Paper Example 2. The ages of the children at the time they underwent intestinal investigation is given in Table 1. Assume that all the children had their MMR immunisation at age 1 year. On average how much time elapsed between the MMR and investigation (calculate this) KM Madsen, A Hviid, M Vestergaard, D Schendel, J Wohlfahrt, P Thorsen, J Olsen, M Melbye. A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccination and Autism. N England J Med, 2002 347: 1477-1482 Answer: Unlike case control study, cohort study gives the freedom to include samples both from affected (diseased) and unaffected (without disease i.e. control) pool. We can compare the effect of a specific phenomenon on both the population types simultaneously and draw inference accordingly through cohort study. Although, the cohort study is more expensive but, the validation of information on exposure is complete and always provide enough information on incidence rates of the diseases. Cohort study is a rare exposure and minimise bias in the exposure determination. But sometimes the diseases are rare. In that situation case-control study is a must which Examine multiple etiologic factors for a single disease. Answer: Information from the Danish Civil Registration System was used to identify the link from the accompanying adult to child. Thus, 98.5 percent of children were identified with the use of child's civil registry number or the civil-registry number of father or mother and the age of the child at the time of vaccination on the basis of additional information The remaining 1.5 percent of children were identified on the basis of additional information from Danish Civil Registration System on other relatives and information on the address at the time of vaccination. So far as the diagnosis is considered, all diagnosis were based on standard criteria like International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) which is similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) with regard to autism. e) Is this method of case ascertainment likely to identify all cases of autism in the cohort If some children with

Social problems paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social problems paper - Essay Example The following statement made by Bankoff becomes highly significant in this context: "If the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina can be said to have any 'lessons' for us, it is to suggest that western developed countries may have as much to learn about disaster preparedness, management and recovery from non-western developing countries in terms of community-based assistance and the integrated flexible use of technology as the latter do from the former in terms of technocratic know-how and scientific expertise." (Bankoff, 2006). Thus these disasters "appear to both reinforce and then question the way western people think about what makes communities and societies vulnerable." (Bankoff, 2006). We always talk about economic inequalities at the time of a disaster rather than focusing on more relevant factors. Does it matter a lot When we consider the lessons taught by the two disasters, we are sure that economic inequalities did not have such a great significance. Both the economically sound and weak nations are yet to learn the real lessons of the hazards. In the matters of hazards and disaster preparedness, management and recovery, the economically weak nations always rely not on the technocratic solutions.

Interpretation of Statistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interpretation of Statistics - Research Paper Example 2. The ages of the children at the time they underwent intestinal investigation is given in Table 1. Assume that all the children had their MMR immunisation at age 1 year. On average how much time elapsed between the MMR and investigation (calculate this) KM Madsen, A Hviid, M Vestergaard, D Schendel, J Wohlfahrt, P Thorsen, J Olsen, M Melbye. A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccination and Autism. N England J Med, 2002 347: 1477-1482 Answer: Unlike case control study, cohort study gives the freedom to include samples both from affected (diseased) and unaffected (without disease i.e. control) pool. We can compare the effect of a specific phenomenon on both the population types simultaneously and draw inference accordingly through cohort study. Although, the cohort study is more expensive but, the validation of information on exposure is complete and always provide enough information on incidence rates of the diseases. Cohort study is a rare exposure and minimise bias in the exposure determination. But sometimes the diseases are rare. In that situation case-control study is a must which Examine multiple etiologic factors for a single disease. Answer: Information from the Danish Civil Registration System was used to identify the link from the accompanying adult to child. Thus, 98.5 percent of children were identified with the use of child's civil registry number or the civil-registry number of father or mother and the age of the child at the time of vaccination on the basis of additional information The remaining 1.5 percent of children were identified on the basis of additional information from Danish Civil Registration System on other relatives and information on the address at the time of vaccination. So far as the diagnosis is considered, all diagnosis were based on standard criteria like International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) which is similar to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) with regard to autism. e) Is this method of case ascertainment likely to identify all cases of autism in the cohort If some children with

The statement of purpose Essay Example for Free

The statement of purpose Essay Being an international student is a major learning curve. Miles away from Hong Kong, I’m way out of my comfort zone, navigating a stormy sea of emotions unique to international students- the excitement of seeing new things and places, the pride of being an international student, the fear of dealing with home sicknesses, the frustration of not being able to fully understand everything in this country, the embarrassment of even the minute faux pas I do. Academic challenges are nothing compare to the emotional battles one must face. Â   While there is no harness that I can latch to, my experiences back home can steer my journey here. As a school prefect, I was in charge of keeping order and discipline in my school. I can use it to keep my perspective balance on everything that comes my way, to be able to open my eyes to the world in a new way. I am proud to say that I am an international orientation leader in my community college now. Being a leader has kept me sane, kept my feet on the ground. I know that I am responsible to my fellow international students and I’m doing my best to do so, by combining studying hard and being a good example to them. My current GPA is 3.9. I know having good grades are not everything to a student. Believe it or not, students also need to have a life that does now involve memorization and algebraic equations. Being a leader has expanded my network, exposed me to other students who I now call friends. In HK, I was in our ping-pong team, played saxophone and piano. I hope to continue my hobbies here, perhaps enlist in the school band. HK is a fast-paced environment. Everybody moves quickly, as if on a race. By studying here, I hope to do the opposite. Don’t get me wrong. Fast can be fabulous. Email and YM are a godsend solution to instant conversations. But there are some things that can’t be rushed, such as readying yourself for the future. Adapting to a new environment can be daunting but capitalizing on my personal experiences is something I can rely on to survive this journey.

Volkswagens International Marketing Strategy

Volkswagens International Marketing Strategy Companys snapshot: Volkswagen is a German automobile company. It operates as a manufacturer and distributor of automobile parts in the Global automotive industry. One of its subsidiaries is the Volkswagen of America that is based in United States. The Groups principal activities are to design, manufacture and distribution of cars and other vehicles worldwide. These activities are carried out through two divisions: Namely Automobile and Financial services. The Automobile division involves development of vehicles and engines, as well as the production and sale of passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and buses. The Financial division involves dealer and customer financing, leasing, Banking and insurance services, rentals and fleet management. Overview of Volkswagen Group of Companies: It leads the continent as the Europes number one car maker. The Companys major production line include Volkswagen Passenger car, Audi, SEAT, Skoda, Lamborghini, Bugatti and Bentley ranges of vehicles. The Companys major emphasis is on increasing its focus on core business, profitability and reducing the production cost. In order to achieve this it is considering divesture of non core business segments and adapting many Modular strategies in the process of production and introduction of new models. Company at a Glance: Major Industry: Automotive Industry. Sub Industry: Diversified Automotive Mfrs. 2008 Sales: 113,808,000,000 (Year Ending Jan 2009). Employees: 357,207. Market Cap: 30,656,317,749. Share Type: Stammaktie. Stock Data: Current Price (12/30/2009): 76.58 In Euro. Revenue generated in the year 2008: 113.808 BLN EUR. History: It was setup in 1930 by Ferdinand Porshe in Germany and was known as Porshe Buro. In early 1930s German Automotive industry was mainly involved in making Luxury cars. And so an average German could only afford nothing more than a motorcycle. In 1934 Ferdinand Porshe was commissioned by Adolph Hitler to build a small inexpensive car. He required a basic vehicle that could transport two adults and three children. And this vehicle would be available to all at the price of a motorcycle. On 22 June 1934 Ferdinand Porshe agreed to create a Peoples Car for Hitler. There were many changes including better fuel efficiency, reliability, ease of use, and economically efficient repairs and parts. The prototypes of the car in the form of KDF-Wagen started appearing from 1936. this car had its peculiar round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. Only a handful of cars were made before the second world war started, that is in 1936. The post war existence of the Company owed to a British major Ivan Hirst. He indented to dismantle the Company and ship it to Britain as no car manufacturer was interested in the Company as it lacked the fundamental requirements. The Company survived by producing the cars for British Army. Volkswagens were first sold in America in 1949. And even though these models were universally known as Beetle, the Company never officially named it, instead it was referred as Type 1. During 1960s and 1970s the car was becoming outdated the Company introduced several Type 3 and Type 4 models. It differed from the previous models notably with the introduction of monocoque/unibody construction, the option of a fully automatic transmission, electronic fuel injection, and a sturdier power plant. In 1964, Volkswagen succeeded in purchasing Auto Union, and in 1969, Motorenwerke AG (NSU). VW ultimately merged Auto Union and NSU to create the modern day Audi company. Companys mission statement: Provide a quality product. Create a safe environment. Enhance productivity. Eco Friendliness. Volkswagen projects: The engineers at Volkswagen are constantly trying to develop new fuel efficient Models which have very less fuel emission and offer great performance. It is involved in developing many fuel efficient vehicles such as BlueMotion Models, alternate powertrain technology and supporting many other projects for environmentally sound driving. Golf BlueMotion is the example of the most fuel efficient vehicle created by them with CO2 emissions less than 107g/kg. Volkswagen is one of the company to become the member of Business and Biodiversity Initiative. Where ever possible they use recycled and recyclable materials and most eco friendly methods of construction. They are constantly working on developing vehicles which are fuel efficient and which have minimum impact on the environment. The company is engaged in many research projects relating to biotopes, the environment and protection of the species and supports research programs. Marketing Strategy: Volkswagen mainly uses Double Marketing in order to position its brand. Double marketing mainly means running multiple campaigns at different places carrying different messages simultaneously. Initially coke was the only company that tried this because of their huge Budget by engaging different ad agencies and pitting them against each other.At times there were different campaigns that were put up at the same time. But they didnt really work together. In the time period of last few months they have launched campaigns such as Unpimp my ride to prevent the modifications done by people and for design control, theobeying your fast for the GTI as well as the safe happens jarring TV ad spots for the Jetta. The Companys major emphasis is on easier availability of its products. And to make that possible it has around 44 sites all over the world. That gives them the Geographical advantage. As they can reach the demands of their customers and even provide a good after sales service through their service centres. Its major marketing strategy is branding its products into different segments of production lines. Its brands go from Skoda (economically priced family vehicles) to Rolls Royce. Use of Latest Technology: Blueprinting is the latest technology used by them. Blueprinting is the science of engine rebuilding. At times the engine becomes rigid and there is often disturbance during the start of the engine. This is due to incorrect shimming, vibration from poorly balanced cranks, rough low speed running from valve clearances being too large, so generally speaking there is a lot of room for improvement. Careful measuring, fitting and balancing are the main steps involved in Blueprinting. This enhances the performance of the engine providing fuel economy and dependability. In simple words the engine becomes brand new. After Blueprinting the Gear shifting feels very positive and the vibrations will be nullified aiding Longitivity. Volkswagens Closest Competitors: Ford, Toyota, Mercedes and General Motors are the major competitors. Out of which Volkswagen claims that Toyota is its major competitors. Company Sales Revenue (Year 2008) Loss (%) General Motors $148,979Billion 8% Ford $146277Billion  Ã‚  Ã‚   11% Mercedes $23.8Billion 7% Toyota $204352Billion 8% Volkswagen made a profit of about 1.2 Billion in the year 2008. Their sales revenue was 113.808 BLN SWOT Analysis: Volkswagen AG Strengths Strong Market Share: As it leads the continent as the number one car maker, it holds a strong reputation in the market. Due to this its stock value cannot be brought down easily. Strong RD Activities: This is a major advantage over its competitors. They are always inquisitive of finding some alternate technology which make vehicles more fuel efficient and decrease the emissions ensuring a better environment. Strong Brand Equity: It holds a strong brand value as people are aware of each and every Brand owned by them. And those stand among the top brands amongst others in the industry. Geographic Diversification: As it has 44 sites all over the world, it can meet up the demand of the consumers over every product. Strong Growth Prospects: They should continue to live up to the reputation created by them in the Automotive industry. Volkswagen AG Weakness Limited Liquidity Position: As they have a huge capital invested in Research and development and promoting other projects they have limited liquidity position. Declining Market Share in Sector Volkswagen AG Opportunities Strategic Alliances: Volkswagen from the very beginning started forming alliances with other companies. The Brand such as Audi was formed by merging of Volkswagen with Auto Union and Nsu. Demand for Fuel Efficient and Hybrid Vehicles: There has always been an increase in demand of better fuel efficient vehicles with very low emissions. So if they continue to meet the demands through their Research and development they can survive in the emerging market. Growth Opportunities in Emerging Markets: Using their knowledge and efficiency in finding new technology which can be used in the engines, for example Blueprinting technology, they can always have a strong position in the market. Volkswagen AG Threats Intense Competition: There are many companies which are providing a good competition in terms of market share. Last year Volkswagen claimed that Toyota is its biggest competitor. Global Economic Slow Down: Due to recession there has been a very stiff competition among the companies as there has been very limited demand in the automobile sector. Stricter Emission Standards: Due to the advancement of technology there has been a demand of very low emissions and to some extent the companies have been able to meet up the demand, so the emission standards get stricter and stricter each time a new technology comes up. Conclusion: Volkswagen is successful mainly because of manufacturing automobile parts, rather than waiting for the manufacture of a new car and launching it. Most of the major brands that they own were purchased by them. People were to some extent aware of those brands. But they did not hold much bigger market value. References: Volkswagen Chronicle Volkswagen Beetle History 1938 to 2003 Jpost.com www.rememusem.com Volkswagens American assembly plant Rumors.automobilemag.com Companiesandmarkets.com Corporate information snapshots IBISWorld Institute for Sustainability and Technology Polic Articlesbase/Volkswagen Gti, Automobile Magazines Car of the Year CJS Racing South West http://autos.yahoo.com/articles/autos_content_landing_pages/1161/volkswagen-steals-toyotas-crown-as-worlds-largest-automaker/ Was Hitlers Beetle designed by a Jew? | Jewish Features | Jerusalem Post. Jpost.com. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804553863pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull. Retrieved 2009-10-07. Volkswagen to Shut U.S. Plant. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6113DF932A15752C1A961948260. Retrieved 2008-05-17. VW picks Tenn. for its 1st US car plant since 88. Bloomberg News Volkswagen to take a 42.0 percent stake in Porsche AG. Taume News. 2009-08-14. http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Volkswagen-to-take-a-42-0-percent-stake-in-Porsche-AG-11861. Retrieved 2009-01-22. Todd Kaho (2007-10-01). Volkswagen Pushes for Development of Clean Diesels. Green Car Journal. http://www.greencar.com/articles/volkswagen-pushes-development-clean-diesels.php. Retrieved 2009-04-19. VW revs up its clean-diesel technologies. Oct.11, 2007, mlive.com May 3, 2008

The Worldly Impact of Television Essay example -- Television Media TV

The Worldly Impact of Television The television had a very monumental role the world’s history. The television was first introduced in the early 1950’s. This new phenomenon of television took awhile for many people to catch on to, but once this device was received there was no looking back. The television set the stage for many things such as world news, local news, entertainment, and sports. The television allowed what used to be listeners to be able to view what was going on with their television set. The television got its big chance in the early 1950’s with the end of WWII. This time was known as the golden age which followed the great depression. The returning soldiers brought a new sense of hope to the American public which in turn led to the buying of many new houses and television sets. In 1945, there were 8,000 television sets produced (Watrall notes). It was also in this year that the first â€Å"television set extravaganza† was broadcasted at Yankee Stadium (â€Å"History of Television†). It was in Yankee stadium where the Joe Louis—Bill Conn heavyweight competition took place which led to be a success that had an average of 150,000 viewers watching from about 5,000 television sets (Watrall notes). As the 1950’s went on it started to become a norm for people to have a television set in their home. In 1953 color broadcasting arrived in the U.S., but it was not until the 1960’s that the public started purchasing color television set s (â€Å"History of Television†). As time would continue to pass and technology would continue to get better so did television. Today, television is something many people take for granted. In today’s society 99% of all households in this country have at least one television set (Potter 61). There... ... Television from day one to what it is now has probably had one of the biggest overall affects on the world public. All of the main events that have happened since the early 1940’s have been broadcasted on television giving the audience a chance to see it. This also goes for the world of sports. Every major sporting event that has taken place can be found on television such as the Olympics, Super bowl, World Cup, Stanley Cup, Kentucky Derby, and the World Series can all be found on television. The television is completely different from how it started off as being but what is has become today has surpassed everybody’s original expectations. Works Cited Potter, James W. Media Literacy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc, 2001. "History of Television." Hi-Tech Productions. 1996 www.high-techproductions.com/historyoftelevision.html Watrall. Lecture notes

Essay --

Akhenaten and Aten Worship As we know historically Egyptian society was complex and very advanced in comparison to other civilizations. With an advanced civilization also came with a very complex religion, with many different gods such as Re, Khepre, Horus, Harakhti and Atum, all of which is depicted as the sun god1. These gods may represent the same thing throughout the ancient Egypt but they differentiated in the inscriptions by different animals1. Though this rich history would drastically change with the ascension of Akhenaten to the royal throne. Within this body of work we will provide the basis to the Amarna period, as well as the foundation to this religious reform. Also we will attempt to understand and provide evidence for this reform and give insight and conclusion based on this evidence. We will touch on the foreign influences that may have been provided from his mother, as well as the drastic eradication of all other religious deities through his reign. The Foundation for Akhenaten To try to get a proper understanding of Akhenaten’s vision of Egypt’s religious reform, we need to understand the foundation that was laid for him. His father Amenhophis III assumed the throne at a great time for Egypt, in which he inherited a state that was very wealthy in which he exploited2. This stability was brought on by Tutmosis IV, the grandfather of Akhenaten, in which he ended years of conflict with the Mitanni kingdom1. The state was being funded by the gold mines of Sudan, as well as tributes from neighbouring lands, while having merchant’s travelling across the Mediterranean2. The young king which was known as the sun-king, married quite young to a commoner Tiy, who was daughter of a prominent foreigner Yuya2. Tiy who ros... ...at depicts him there is quite the exaggeration of his being6. This exaggeration emphasizing his great separation from the ordinary man and his other-worldly almost godly status6. Once assuming the throne of the state, Akhenaten continued the building of the major complex at Karnak6. This complex was not built in the name of the current god Amun, but to Akhenaten’s new solitary god of the sun Aten6. This version of solar worship in which Amenophis IV was that of an elitists views, he went on early in his reign to show his dedication and had the Karnak Temples constructed6. Akhenaten’s devotion to Aten was so strong he cut his ties with the capital of Egypt Memphis, and created a brand new city known in antiquity as Akhetaten6. This new city was completely dedicated to the worship of Aten, and within year 9 of his rule the eradication of the old gods was underway6.

Burlesque

To what extent did burlesque impact the development of the 20th American musicals? Burlesque shows had a big influence on the development of 20th century musicals in many ways. One of the ways it did this was changing the role that woman had within musicals. This is a result of the woman's rights movement In America. It is backed up in a Robert G Allen quote where he says â€Å"burlesque's principal legacy as a cultural form was its establishment of patterns of gender representation that forever changed the role of the woman on the American stage†.Previous of burlesque shows, It was less acceptable for woman to show much of their skin/boodles, they were often seen as Innocent and delicate so wore long dresses to cover themselves. However burlesque brought light on to the sexiness of woman without It being too distasteful; they did this by putting the woman In less clothing or more see through clothing such as tights, as a way of teasing the audience.Burlesque also helped women to gain more control In other ways as most of the burlesque troupes were managed by males therefore they would be making the decisions, however In the sass males began to take control and wanted burlesque dancers to show as much skin as possible without actually striping. Woman taking control is demonstrated in the late sass's when Lydia Thompson burlesque troupe became one of New Work's biggest theatrical sensations. Their first hit was named Zion in 1868 where they included travesty; woman playing men's roles in tights.Due to such high demands for tickets to this show it then moved to Broadway. Thompson didn't hire any composers for the how she simply used songs that were relevant and popular at the time, which was a big influence to American musicals as it happened frequently in 20th century musicals. It is also arguable that burlesque impacted the development of the 20th century American musicals as it wasn't Just a dance routine showing off women's bodies, it also involved ele ments of comedy and music which is a big element of book musicals in 20th century America.Burlesque infuses these elements by using things such as travesty and they also use their shows to mock the upper class as their main audiences were lower and middle class. The comedy within the shows also helped society to become more acceptable with the fact that the woman had less clothes on as usual which was frequent in many American musicals in the 20th century. It Is also said that burlesque had a big influence on creating book musicals as they also combined the 3 elements of dance, music and drama. One of the first book musicals being the black crook, involved burlesque style dances. Burlesque By Chloe had within musicals.This is a result of the woman's rights movement in America. It is t was less acceptable for woman to show much of their skin/bodies, they were often seen as innocent and delicate so wore long dresses to cover themselves. However burlesque brought light on to the sexine ss of woman without it being too distasteful; they did this by putting the woman in less clothing or more see through clothing gain more control in other ways as most of the burlesque troupes were managed by females therefore they would be making the decisions, however in the sass's males as usual which was frequent in many American musicals in the 20th century. It is

Four Traditions of Geography Essay

Four Tradition of Geography The Four Traditions of Geography has many different assumptions and aspects of geography; aspects ranging from basic mapping and geometry, to the impact on nature of humans and the processes of the earth itself. Geographers can study and explain their research by selecting a certain tradition that leads to many different fields of geography. â€Å"There are four traditions whose identification provides an alternative to the competing monistic definitions that have been a geographer’s lot† (Pattison 1964). The following discussion treats the traditions in this order: (1) a spatial tradition, (2) an area studies tradition, (3) a man-land tradition and (4) an earth science tradition† (Pattison 1964). Pattison is exploring all the categories of geography and he is explaining how these different traditions can uncover the meanings of different studies of geography. â€Å"Going further one can uncover the meanings of â€Å"systematic geogra phy,† â€Å"regional geography,† â€Å"urban geography,† â€Å"industrial geography,† etc. † (Pattison 1964). Spatial tradition is an area of concentration that relies on geometry and movement. It also is the study of mapping as seen in the ancient Greece recordings of such, and it also deals with the GIS system. GIS is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to a location. It explores the central place theory and how it is used in geography. Central place theory is the geography theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. Area Studies, just like the spatial tradition it has roots from many, many years ago. The Greek philosopher, Strabo, wrote an encyclopedia about geographical knowledge. â€Å"He is Strabo, celebrated for his Geography which is a massive production addressed to the statesmen of Augustan Rome and intended to sum up and regularize knowledge not of the location of places and associated cartographic facts, as in the somewhat later case of Ptolemy, but of the nature of places, their character and their differentiation† (Pattison 1964). The area-studies tradition was tended to be excluded from early American professional geography. Today, it is beset by certain champions of the spatial tradition who would have one believe that somehow the area studies way of organizing knowledge is only a subdepartment of spatialism† (Pattison 1964). It concentrates on the descriptions of regions in order to differentiate them from other regions and areas. Being able to understand geography in these terms can reveal the deepest knowledge of the world’s environment. The Man-Land tradition describes the human impact in nature and also the impact of nature on humans, and it also defines the nature disasters our world takes on. Social Darwinism simply grabbed a theory from the biosciences and applied it to social happenings without the lengthy process of trial and error for social data which led to environmentalism. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the environment. Man-Land gives us the basic perception on the environment and what is happening to it. The earth science tradition, embraces the study of the earth, the waters of the earth, and the atmosphere surrounding the earth and the association between the earth and the sun† (Pattison 1964). On two different hands of the topic, it is being used and then it is not being used. â€Å"On one hand, it is not always elected as the best tradition as it has been decreasing in use from past decades, while on the other one knows that college departments rely substantially, for justification of their role in general education, upon curricular content springing directly from this tradition† (Pattison 1964). It also acknowledges the human impact on the planet but mainly focuses on the planet itself and its physical processes. Geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, and meteorology all have rooted out of these studies. From reading â€Å"Four Traditions of Geography† and â€Å"In Search of Synthesis,† Area Studies tradition is my personal preference on this matter. Gober talks about the many different specialties that lie in between human and physical geography, and I grasped that I am more of a physical, on-hands doing person. With human geography you study societies as a whole and I am more interested in urbanization of the earth and how we can use the land we have in a fashion that is basically perfect. I am interested in the different regions because I am really fascinated in real estate and I figure I would learn a whole lot about the physical aspect of geography. I feel that I could really excel in real estate with this kind of learning. The Four Traditions of Geography has different definitions and aspects of geography. With the information given, people are given the opportunity to understand what geography is all about and be able to break geography down and select a certain practice from the very selective topic. â€Å"It is hoped that through a widened willingness to conceive of and discuss the field in terms of these traditions, geography will be better able to secure the inner unity and outer intelligibility† (Pattison 1964). William D. Pattison, The Four Traditions of Geography, (1964).

There Are 2 Brands of Cell Phones That Are Almost Identical Except for Some Minor Features: the a-Phone and the Pomegranate

There are 2 brands of cell phones that are almost identical except for some minor features: the A-Phone and the Pomegranate. Part I For this part of the assignment, we will focus on the demand curve. Draw the demand curve for the A-Phone. Explain how the graph, price, and quantity demanded will change if the following occurs: †¢There is an overall increase in income. †¢It is discovered that there are health concerns when using cell phones. What happens to the supply of cell phones if the market price goes up? For this part of the assignment, we will focus on the supply curve. Explain what happens to the price and quantity supplied and how it reflects on a graph if the following occurs: †¢It becomes more expensive to produce cell phones. †¢Another company starts producing cell phones, and now there are 3 producers in the market. Part III For this part of the assignment, we are going to focus on demand and supply on the same graph. Draw a graph which shows the equilibrium price of cell phones. Explain what the graph is showing. When the new manufacturer introduces the Robo cell phone to the market, how does that affect the equilibrium price if the Robo is basically the same as the other cell phones? Part IV As the public’s dependence on cell phones continues to grow, the cost of the phones may be decreasing, but the stronghold that telecommunication companies have on the public in regards to contracts and climbing fees is alarming. Additionally, all cell phone companies charge about the same prices, and the consumers do not have much choice in substituting providers. Consumers appear to need some controls in this regard, and the government decides to step in. †¢What is the effect of government intervention in the cell phone market? Make sure that you use graphs to illustrate your point. †¢Is this a good thing for consumers? On the other hand, the government sees the increase in cell phone use as an opportunity to make some additional revenue, and it decides to tax service providers. †¢Who is really paying the tax? †¢Illustrate your conclusion on a graph. †¢Do you think that there is a free market for cell phone users? Why or why not?

Albee's play, The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Albee's play, The American Dream - Essay Example Simply how life used to be prior to the existence of contemporary society. The sole purpose as to why both dad and mum stayed with Grandma is because she represented the old set of values that have since been eroded by the contemporary values. This character was symbolically used by the author to depict the power of the past to predict the happenings of the future. This is demonstrated by Grandma being able to tell the truth concerning the real intent of the visit by Mrs. Baker. Additionally, this power is demonstrated by her knowledge of the Young Man being an identical twin of the first son of the family. In the social sphere, this character would otherwise be considered obscene. Her role as the oldest person in the play is somewhat unique with regards to theatre plays. It is imperative to reiterate the fact that all the characters of the play are symbolic in a way of the American society. As such, when Grandma becomes an exterior commentator away from the main scene, it symbolizes a shift from the old values that have eminently existed in the American society. The interaction between Grandma and the Young Man represent a collision between the old and the new. As such, in the conversation between Grandma and the Young Man, the Young Man asserts that he has no talents. The metamorphosis of the old to the new seems not to have been complete. Grandma represents a holistic being while the Young Man is a representation of the corrupt and incomplete being of the contemporary society. When Grandma refers to the Young Man as the American dream she asserts that he is the evolution of old into new. She states that he is the embodiment of what the American dream entails and what it would mean for society. The character of Grandma is a rather wise and cunning element in the play. She demonstrates her nature of being wise by knowing what is right for daddy and mommy. She understands that the presence of the Young Man in the family will be good to the family in the end. He r cunning nature is demonstrated by her decision to pretend that she had been taken by the van man. Moreover, when she returns to the scene, she gestures to Mrs. Baker to ignore her presence. The name of this character in context of the contemporary society signifies an aging or phasing out of the old rules. Simply put, a fading and non-relevance of the old values in the modern world. The Young Man When Grandma left the house, she left the Young Man to represent her. Simply put, he was a replacement of the old values of society by the new values. However, unlike Grandma whose personal possessions are represented by boxes, the Young Man is empty inside. The Young Man is the principle focus of the American Dream, he represents the future prospects of society as a whole. As such, when he says that he has no inner emotion, it translates to mean that the American Dream does not have substance to propel its realization. The American Dream, in the wider sense, has no feelings. When the You ng Man knocked on the door and subsequently entered the life of daddy and mommy, his sole motivation was money. This sheds light into the driving force of contemporary society. Their material minded nature is symbolized by this behavior of the Young Man. He is depicted as physically perfect. However, he is devoid of any inner substance. The Young Man is for sale. He states that he would do anything for money. His service and contribution to the family and the society as a whole are for sale. He represents the vanity associated with the contemporary

Green in Shakespeares Tragedy of King Lear Essay

Green in Shakespeares Tragedy of King Lear - Essay Example William Shakespeare, a known English playwright, and poet are regarded widely as the greatest writer in the language of English and the pre-eminent world’s dramatist. Translation of his major plays has been done to almost all living language and more often performed than other playwrights. In his book, The Tragedy of King Lear, many aspects presage the green literature. The work of Shakespeare illuminates more about human nature that is more instructive for a green environment. With respect to the theory of Green literature, ecocriticism involves the study of the relationship between the environment and the research. The book is all about the British elderly king who decides to give out his power and realm to one of his daughters. Even though his preferred choice is the one who loves him most, the other two disguises him and acquire the wealth. The two later turns against him but through the friends of the other daughter, he manages to ascertain the reality. In relevance to nature, therefore, a habitat consists of different organisms’ co-existing together for mutual benefits. An organism can acquire help from the other community, for instance in support. Plants with tendrils, for example, get support from big trees to acquire sunlight. This paper, therefore, analyses the review of the play, The Tragedy of King Lear with regards to the theory of Green Literature, how ecocriticism relates both literature and the environment. The theory of green literature provides the vocabulary towards environmental ethics as well as an attitude in the story of King Lear. This offered a movement beyond symbolism and thematic which were widely characterized by the critical work of Shakespeare in relation to the environment representation.  

Analysis of Truman's Fair Deal Literature review

Analysis of Truman's Fair Deal - Literature review Example The Policy of Containment was devised in 1946 by George Kennan, then a high-ranking representative at the US embassy in Moscow. It consisted in limiting the expansion of the Soviet sphere of influence, both militarily and economically, in the hope of provoking the collapse of its social system. The Marshall plan was the economical part of this policy, whereas the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April 1949 was its military component. McCarthyism, a term coined by a political cartoonist in 1950 following the involvement of Senator Joseph McCarthy in a widespread "witch hunt" against Communists on American soil, corresponds to the excessive response to the fear of the spread of Communism following World War II. Also, termed the "Second Red Scare" (the first one having occurred just after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917), this period spanned roughly a decade from the end of the 1940s until the late 1950s. Characterized by its policy of systematic suspicion, it sparked a controversy that still exists today. It raised the issue of freedom of thought versus patriotism, and the term is still used to describe the unfounded questioning of a person's loyalty to the nation. As the number of white-collar positions increased and overtook that of professions dealing with the direct production of materials, a shift in the American population appeared in the 1950s. Most employees were leaving the industrial areas of the North and East of the USA to move to the South and West, were management-related positions were numerous and the environment more welcoming. This shift was accelerated by the development of Interstate highways that allowed the commuters to use their cars instead of the public transports, thus creating and developing a suburban way of life that didn't exist before. The Korean and Viet Nam wars had in common that they showed America's commitment to prevent the spread of Communism throughout the world, and not just in Europe. They were both limited wars that demonstrated that technical superiority is no guarantee for victory. Besides, neither they were popular at home among the general public. They differed in that the Viet Nam war had more important long-term repercussions on the American economy, politics, and public attitude toward the government. Â  

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls Case Study

Managerial Accounting and Organizational Controls - Case Study Example This is done by standard reports that are generated at regular intervals. They may be generated monthly, quarterly, or annually and adhere to standard guidelines that are accepted by the accounting industry. The reports tell the amount of business, cost of sales, debt, and assets that a company has. The reports are used by creditors, bankers, investors, and shareholders to make financial decisions in regard to the company. Government agencies use these reports to calculate taxes and fees. These reports are routinely audited by outside parties to assure that proper accounting methods are being used and that the reports contain accurate information. This helps to safeguard investors and shareholders from financial loss and keeps investors and creditors apprised of the condition of the company's finances. Legal and ethical issues arise when external accounting is faulty and presents an incorrect view of the company's financial situation. If it is done intentionally, it is a grave legal issue as has been seen with some companies in the news recently. If it is done in error, or because of bad judgment, it is a serious violation of ethics and may also be criminal. The importance placed on these reports being correct cannot be overstated.

Is was necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is was necessary - Essay Example The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan is unquestionable and the most momentous made during the World War II. The use of the bomb was integral to the decision to develop it, the assumption was the atomic bomb would be employed when it is ready if it was necessary to win or end the war. According to social psychology there are forces affecting public perception that go beyond the argument about the effectiveness of the U.S government (Okuda 170). These factors affected the policy makers and Truman, who were instrumental leading them to believe in their own misinformation in the decision of dropping the bomb .The psychological social factors resulted to parallel decision of Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb and the decision to engage in military conflicts of invading Iraq. The reaction of the policy makers, Truman and the public was the use of the atomic bomb on Japan was in great favor. Truman, the president of United States of America, appointed an interim committee who undertook the Manhattan project which its initiative was to build the atomic bomb. Although the project was immensely expensive, the interim committee had to rationalize their expenses of time, energy and resources. The development of the atomic weapon, for the purpose of using it against the axis was part of the policy from the beginning of war. They considered the atomic weapon to produce deadly explosive weapon of the modern war. The interim committee recommended that the bomb should be used against Japan as soon as possible. The target of the weapon was to be used at the military installation and used without any warning. The project was a special achievement and a special responsibility of the foreign policy. The decision and the extent of the bomb to be used were shaped by the values and the attitudes. The use of the weapon was later motivated by the wish to keep the Soviet Union out of war in the